Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Abstract Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

Resumo A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Study on the material basis of cold and hot properties of traditional Chinese medicines in Lamiaceae based on pattern recognition / 药学学报

To study the material basis of cold and hot properties of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in Lamiaceae and to establish a cold and hot properties identification model, a database of material components of TCMs in Lamiaceae was established. A three-level classification system of material components was used to obtain the material basis of cold and hot properties of the Lamiaceae family by using data mining methods such as frequency analysis, association rule analysis, logistic regression, and feature selection. Several identification models were established to recognize the cold and hot properties. The chi-square test results showed that the material composition ratios of cold and hot properties were significantly different at the first-level, second-level, and third-level classification (P < 0.05), and the differences varied as the levels of substance classification changed. The average coefficients of variation were 42.30%, 79.07%, and 91.51% at the first-level, second-level, and third-level classification levels, respectively. In other words, in terms of the percentage differences in material composition ratio, the first-level was smaller than the second-level, and the second-level was smaller than the third-level. The results of the association rule analysis showed that under the third-level classification, there were many effective association rules, and 27 core groups and 34 specific groups of chemical components were obtained based on these rules. 15 decisive groups were obtained from the feature selection results. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to successfully establish a cold and hot properties identification model with an overall accuracy of 89%. The material basis of cold and hot properties of TCMs in Lamiaceae is different and intersect with each other. Twenty-seven groups of chemical components, such as bicyclic diterpenes, are the core groups of cold and hot properties, of which 15 groups are the decisive groups. The cold and hot properties are often characterized by the interaction of multiple classes of substances, and a single class of substances often cannot be used to characterize the properties. The organic combination of multiple classes of substances is the material basis of cold and hot properties.

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Abstract Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

Resumo A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Variation in phenolic, antioxidant and vitamin amounts among some medicinal plants and investigation by PCA analysis: Lamiaceae family / Variación en las cantidades de fenoles, antioxidantes y vitaminas entre algunas plantas medicinales e investigación poranálisis PCA: familia Lamiaceae

Aromatic and medicinal plants are of great importance to determine the contents of the active compounds of plant origin and to evaluate them depending on variety and climate factors in order to determine the phenolic, antioxidant enzyme activity, vitamin contents in species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Examination of the characteristics of different species, the highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase (AxPOD), total antioxidant (TA), malondialdehyte (MDA), caffeic acids (CA), vitamin C contents,and chloric acid (ChA) were obtained in the M. longifoliaspecies. The highest vitamin E and catalase (CAT) were determined in the S. hortensisspecies but the highest total phenolic (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorogenic acid (ChgA) were determined in the S. spicigeraspecies. As a result of PCA analysis, it can be said that Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson and Satureja spicigeraspecies have significant value in terms of biochemical and phenolic content.

Las plantas aromáticas y medicinales son de gran importancia para determinar el contenido de los compuestos activos de origen vegetal y evaluarlos en función de la variedad y factores climáticos con el fin de determinar la actividad enzimática fenólica, antioxidante, contenido vitamínico en especies pertenecientes a la familia Lamiaceae. El examen de las características de diferentes especies, la mayor actividad enzimática de peroxidasa (POD), ascorbato peroxidasa (AxPOD), antioxidante total (TA), malondialdehído (MDA), ácidos cafeicos (CA), contenido de vitamina C y ácido clorhídrico (ChA) se obtuvieron en la especie M. longifolia. La mayor cantidad de vitamina E y catalasa (CAT) se determinó en la especie S. hortensis, pero la mayor cantidad total de enzima fenólica (TP), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) y ácido clorogénico (ChgA) se determinó en la especie S. spicigera. Como resultado del análisis de PCA, se puede decir que las especies Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson y Satureja spicigeratienen un valor significativo en términos de contenido bioquímico y fenólico.

Seed germination of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth. ) Epling, an endemic and threatened species

Hesperozygis ringens (Lamiaceae), popularly known as espanta-pulga, is a threatened species endemic to rocky and sandy regions of the Pampa biome. One factor that can influence the low number of individuals of a species is a low seed germination rate influenced by temperature and/or light. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of light and temperature on the seed germination of H. ringens. The seeds of two lots were sown on a paper substrate and maintained in BOD chambers at temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30ºC in the presence and absence of light. The germination speed rate was evaluated every 3 days for 21 days. The experiment was completely randomized with treatments that had a 4 x 2 factorial design. The first visible sign (protrusion of the primary root) of germination was observed seven days after sowing. Germination occurred both in the presence and absence of light and the lowest temperatures significantly influenced the germination process and germination speed. For germinating the species, 15°C was the most favorable temperature compared to 20, 25 and 30°C. It can be concluded that a temperature of 15ºC favors the germination process of H. ringens seeds, which are insensitive to light.(AU)

Factores que afectan el enraizamiento adventicio y brotación en estacas de Hyptis australis (Lamiaceae) / Factors affecting adventitious rooting and sprouting in Hyptis australis (Lamiaceae) cuttings

Resumen Hyptis australis es una especie de la familia Lamiaceae, endémica del Bosque Atlántico, cuyo estado de conservación es crítico y se desconoce aún sus beneficios potenciales para el ecosistema y la sociedad. Con fines de rescate y conservación (ex situ/in situ), se plantea como necesidad, generar un protocolo de propagación vegetativa para facilitar y aumentar la disponibilidad de plantas. Con este objetivo, se estudiaron factores como el tipo de sustrato, tipo de estaca y hormona. Se utilizaron plantas de un año de edad, obtenidas de semillas cosechadas de las plantas ubicadas en la región sur de la provincia de Misiones (Argentina). Estacas apicales y subapicales fueron utilizadas en dos ensayos, en el primero se estudió la factibilidad de inducir raíces adventicias en los sustratos corteza de pino, arena y perlita. En el segundo ensayo, se evaluó la inducción de rizogénesis en estacas tratadas durante 30 minutos con una solución de 100 mg.kg -1 de ácido naftalenacetico (ANA) o ácido indolbutirico (AIB) en corteza de pino. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el sustrato arena y en las estacas terminales. El ANA fue la hormona que generó mayor porcentaje de estacas apicales (80.00±14.14 %) y subapicales (84.00±16.73 %) con raíces. En las estacas subapicales el porcentaje de brotación fue mayor en ambos experimentos. La probabilidad de que una estaca de H. australis desarrolle raíces adventicia depende del tipo de sustrato, pero la adicción de ANA mejora notablemente el porcentaje de enraizamiento.

Abstract Hyptis australis is a species of the Lamiaceae family, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, whose conservation status is critical and its potential benefits for the ecosystem and society are still unknown. For rescue and conservation purposes (ex situ/in situ), the need arises to generate a vegetative propagation protocol to facilitate and increase the availability of plants. With this objective, factors such as the type of substrate, type of stake and hormone were studied. One-year-old plants were used, obtained from seeds harvested from plants located in the southern region of the province of Misiones (Argentina). Apical and subapical cuttings were used in two trials, the first studied the feasibility of inducing adventitious roots in pine bark, sand and perlite substrates. In the second test, the induction of rhizogenesis was evaluated in cuttings treated for 30 minutes with a solution of 100 mg.kg-1 of naphthalenacetic acid (ANA) or indole butyric acid (IBA) in pine bark. The best results were obtained in the sand substrate and in the terminal stakes. ANA was the hormone that generated the highest percentage of apical cuttings (80.00±14.14%) and subapical (84.00±16.73%) with roots. In the subapical cuttings the sprouting percentage was higher in both experiments. The probability that an H. australis cuttings will develop adventitious roots depends on the type of substrate, but the addition of ANA notably improves the rooting percentage.

Biochemical parameters and antioxidant property of three Salvia L. taxa endemic in Turkey / Parâmetros bioquímicos e propriedade antioxidante de três espécies de Salvia L. endêmicos da Turquia

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e comparar os ácidos graxos, vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis, fenóis e capacidades antioxidantes de três espécies endêmicas de Salvia L. (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge e S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) e avaliar esses resultados sistematicamente. As composições de ácidos graxos foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa, enquanto as vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis e fenóis foram determinadas por HPLC. Além disso, as capacidades antioxidantes das três espécies de Salvia foram medidas in vitro. O ácido palmítico foi encontrado como ácido graxo saturado principal, enquanto o ácido oleico, ácido linoleico, ácido α-linolênico e ácido erúcico foram encontrados como principais ácidos graxos insaturados no presente estudo. Verificou-se que S. euphratica var. euphratica tem menor teor de ácido palmítico (8.94 ± 0.71%) e ácido graxo saturado total (19.16 ± 0.15%) e maior teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (82.08 ± 0.52%) do que as outras espécies estudadas. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a S. euphratica var. euphratica apresentou diferentes proporções 18:3/18:2 (0.36) de ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados (4.28). No entanto, este estudo demonstrou que o gênero Salvia tinha baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis e baixo conteúdo de esteróis. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que as espécies do gênero Salvia contém quantidades de catequinas (509.2 ± 4,21 µg/mg-552.2 ± 9.21 µg/mg) e ácido vanílico semelhantes (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/mg 396,8 ± 4,1 µg/mg). Descobriu-se também que o gênero Salvia tinha alto conteúdo de ácido rosmarínico enquanto a espécie S. euphratica var. leiocalycina apresentou o maior teor desse ácido (1.480 ± 7.57 µg/g). Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que os teores de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. eupratica foram maiores (1.175 ± 5.21 µg/mg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) do que o conteúdo de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. pseudoeuphratica dos quais foi o mais baixo (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). Os resultados atuais sugerem que os resultados bioquímicos orientaram os estudos morfológicos e as espécies de Salvia têm uma potente capacidade antioxidante.

The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of a methanolic extract of Satureja khuzistanica

Abstract In the present study, the metabolite profiling of methanolic extract from aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, as an endemic medicinal plant from Iran, was evaluated using HPLC-PDA-ESI. Then, the main compound from the extract was isolated and purified by using extensive chromatographic techniques. In addition, the structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated using 1D, 2D NMR, and MS spectrometry, upon which 22 compounds were identified. The antibacterial activity of diosmetin 7-rutinoside (6) and linarin (13) in combination with carvacrol as a major compound of the essential oil was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The results indicated that the linarin, when mixed with carvacrol as the main compounds in the essential oil of the plant, has a satisfactory activity against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 0.16 and 0.18 µg/mL, respectively. Further, the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index indicated that this compound had synergism with carvacrol.

Biochemical parameters and antioxidant property of three Salvia L taxa endemic in Turkey / Parâmetros bioquímicos e propriedade antioxidante de três espécies de Salvia L endêmicos da Turquia

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that [...].

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e comparar os ácidos graxos, vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis, fenóis e capacidades antioxidantes de três espécies endêmicas de Salvia L. (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge e S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) e avaliar esses resultados sistematicamente. As composições de ácidos graxos foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa, enquanto as vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis e fenóis foram determinadas por HPLC. Além disso, as capacidades antioxidantes das três espécies de Salvia foram medidas in vitro. O ácido palmítico foi encontrado como ácido graxo saturado principal, enquanto o ácido oleico, ácido linoleico, ácido α-linolênico e ácido erúcico foram encontrados como principais ácidos graxos insaturados no presente estudo. Verificou-se que S. euphratica var. euphratica tem menor teor de ácido palmítico (8.94 ± 0.71%) e ácido graxo saturado total (19.16 ± 0.15%) e maior teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (82.08 ± 0.52%) do que as outras espécies estudadas. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a S. euphratica var. euphratica apresentou diferentes proporções 18:3/18:2 (0.36) de ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados (4.28). No entanto, este estudo demonstrou que o gênero Salvia tinha baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis e baixo conteúdo de esteróis. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que as espécies do gênero Salvia contém quantidades de catequinas (509.2 ± 4,21 µg/mg-552.2 ± 9.21 µg/mg) e ácido vanílico semelhantes (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/mg 396,8 ± 4,1 µg/mg). Descobriu-se também que o gênero Salvia tinha alto conteúdo de ácido rosmarínico enquanto a espécie S. euphratica var. leiocalycina apresentou o maior teor desse ácido (1.480 ± 7.57 µg/g). Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que os teores de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. eupratica foram maiores (1.175 ± 5.21 µg/mg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) do que o [...].

Biochemical parameters and antioxidant property of three Salvia L. taxa endemic in Turkey

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, -linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e comparar os ácidos graxos, vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis, fenóis e capacidades antioxidantes de três espécies endêmicas de Salvia L. (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge e S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) e avaliar esses resultados sistematicamente. As composições de ácidos graxos foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa, enquanto as vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis e fenóis foram determinadas por HPLC. Além disso, as capacidades antioxidantes das três espécies de Salvia foram medidas in vitro. O ácido palmítico foi encontrado como ácido graxo saturado principal, enquanto o ácido oleico, ácido linoleico, ácido -linolênico e ácido erúcico foram encontrados como principais ácidos graxos insaturados no presente estudo. Verificou-se que S. euphratica var. euphratica tem menor teor de ácido palmítico (8.94 ± 0.71%) e ácido graxo saturado total (19.16 ± 0.15%) e maior teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (82.08 ± 0.52%) do que as outras espécies estudadas. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a S. euphratica var. euphratica apresentou diferentes proporções 18:3/18:2 (0.36) de ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados (4.28). No entanto, este estudo demonstrou que o gênero Salvia tinha baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis e baixo conteúdo de esteróis. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que as espécies do gênero Salvia contém quantidades de catequinas (509.2 ± 4,21 µg/mg-552.2 ± 9.21 µg/mg) e ácido vanílico semelhantes (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/mg 396,8 ± 4,1 µg/mg). Descobriu-se também que o gênero Salvia tinha alto conteúdo de ácido rosmarínico enquanto a espécie S. euphratica var. leiocalycina apresentou o maior teor desse ácido (1.480 ± 7.57 µg/g). Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que os teores de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. eupratica foram maiores (1.175 ± 5.21 µg/mg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) do que o conteúdo de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. pseudoeuphratica dos quais foi o mais baixo (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). Os resultados atuais sugerem que os resultados bioquímicos orientaram os estudos morfológicos e as espécies de Salvia têm uma potente capacidade antioxidante.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Lycopus europaeus / 药学学报

We intend to study the structural characteristics of Lycopus europaeus Linn. chloroplast genome and compare the evolutionary relationship of species from Lamiaceae with similar medicinal effects. The total DNA of Lycopus europaeus was sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 Sequencing platform and was assembled using NOVOplasty software. And then we annotated and analyzed the genome using the CPGAVAS2 online tool. We constructed the phylogenetic tree using the Stellera chamaejasme and Potentilla chinensis as the outgroup. The whole length of Lycopus europaeus chloroplast genome was 152 085 bp. A total of 132 genes were annotated including 88 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes and 36 tRNA genes. Among them, 8 protein-coding genes (ndhB, rps7, rps12, rps19, rpl2, rpl23, ycf2, ycf15), 7 tRNA coding genes (trnM-CAU, trnL CAA, trnN-GUU, trnE-UUC, trnV-GAC, trnA-UGC, trnR-ACG) and 4 rRNA coding genes (rrn16s, rrn23s, rrn4.5s, rrn5s) are located in the IR region. There are 13 protein coding genes [rps16, rps19 (×2), atpF, rpoC1, rpl2 (×2), petB, petD, rpl16, ndhB (×2), ndhA] each contains one intron, two protein-coding genes (ycf3, clpP) each contain two introns, and 8 tRNA coding genes each contain one intron. A total of 34 SSRs were detected in the chloroplast genome of Lycopus europaeus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two species in the Lycopus genus, four species in the Dracocephalum genus, Glechoma longituba, two species in the Mentha genus and Prunella vulgari, in total 10 species are most related. The complete genome sequence of Lycopus europaeus was obtained and analyzed, which clarified the evolutional relationship between the species of Lycopus europaeus and in the Lamiaceae family.

La pacha-muña (Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd), medicina ancestral en pobladores de Huánuco, Perú / The pacha-muña (Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd), ancestral medicine in Huánuco residents, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo Conocer las propiedades curativas de las hojas de la planta medicinal de uso ancestral pacha-muña (Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd) a través de los saberes de los pobladores del área rural de Antajirca y Bomboncocha, del departamento de Huánuco, Perú, y caracterizar su composición química. Métodos Estudio con enfoque mixto, de corte cualitativo mediante entrevistas orales no estructuradas sobre el uso y propiedades curativas de la pacha-muña a 10 mujeres trabajadoras informales, de los poblados rurales de Antajirca y Bomboncocha, distrito de Churubamba. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo: se recolectaron plantas silvestres para someter sus hojas a extracción con etanol, y exponer el extracto a ensayos cualitativos como Shinoda, cloruro férrico, prueba de espumas, de Fehling, entre otros. Se aplicó también la técnica de destilación por arrastre con vapor, para extraer el aceite esencial, el cual se sometió a cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Resultados La pacha-muña, planta ampliamente utilizada por los pobladores de la región, es consumida en infusión para sanar problemas digestivos (diarreas, acidez estomacal, halitosis, indigestión, cólicos), enfermedades respiratorias (gripes, bronquitis, asma), entre otras. Se encontró que las hojas están compuestas principalmente por flavonoides, taninos, fenoles y pulegone. Conclusión La pacha-muña, es una hierba aromática ampliamente utilizada por los pobladores de Huánuco, como una herencia cultural de alto valor medicinal, con efectos curativos explicados por la presencia de flavonoides, taninos, fenoles y pulegone.

RESUMEN Objective To learn about the healing properties of the leaves of the medicinal plant of ancestral use pacha-muña (Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd) through the knowledge of the inhabitants of the rural area of Antajirca and Bomboncocha, in the department of Huánuco, Peru, and to characterize its chemical composition. Methods Study with a mixed approach, of a qualitative nature, by conducting oral, unstructured interviews on the use and curative properties of the pachamuña to 10 informal women workers, from the rural villages of Antajirca and Bomboncocha, district of Churubamba. And with a quantitative approach, since wild plants were collected, to submit their leaves to ethanol extraction, and expose the extract to qualitative tests such as: Shinoda, ferric chloride, foam test, by Fehling; among others. The technique of steam distillation was also applied to extract the essential oil, which was subjected to gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results Pacha-muña, a plant widely used by the inhabitants of the region, is consumed as an infusion to cure digestive problems (diarrhea, heartburn, halitosis, indigestion, colic), respiratory diseases (flu, bronchitis, asthma), among others. It was found that the leaves are mainly composed by: flavonoids, tannins, phenols and pulegone. Conclusion Pacha-muña is an aromatic herb widely used by the inhabitants of Huánuco as a cultural inheritance of high medicinal value, with healing effects explained by the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols and pulegone.

Antibacterial activity of Lippia alba, Myrcia lundiana and Ocimum basilicum essential oils against six food-spoiling pathogenic microorganisms / Actividad antibacteriana de los aceites esenciales de Lippia alba, Myrcia lundiana y Ocimum basilicum contra seis microorganismos patógenos que estropean los alimentos

The aim of this study was to undertake a screening experiment on essential oils (EO) of Myrcia lundiana, Ocimum basilicum and Lippia alba against six food-spoiling pathogenic bacteria. Seventy-two (72) samples were initially analyzed fo antimicrobial activity based on the agar diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were determined for the 12 samples which showed greatest antimicrobial potential in this stage. Two samples of L. alba, three samples of M. lundiana and seven samples of O. basilicum showed a MIC of 0.12-125 µL/mL for the six tested bacteria. Of these, the EO of O. basilicum cultivar Maria Bonita stood out with the lowest MIC and MBC. Thus, a mixture simulating this essential oil was prepared from commercial standards of the compounds (±)-linalool, geraniol and 1,8-cineole. Significantly higher MIC and MBC were detected in the simulation compared to the respective EO, suggesting a synergistic effect between compounds.

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un experimento de detección en aceites esenciales (AE) de Myrcia lundiana, Ocimum basilicum y Lippia alba contra seis bacterias patógenas que estropean los alimentos. Setenta y dos (72) muestras fueron analizadas inicialmente para la actividad antimicrobiana basada en la prueba de difusión en agar. Se determinaron las concentraciones mínimas inhibitoria (CMI) y bactericida (CMB) para las 12 muestras que mostraron el mayor potencial antimicrobiano en esta etapa. Dos muestras de L. alba, tres muestras de M. lundiana y siete muestras de O. basilicum mostraron un CMI de 0.12-125 µL/mL para las seis bacterias analizadas. De estos, el AE de O. basilicum cultivar Maria Bonita se destacó con el CMI y CMB más bajos. Por lo tanto, se preparó una mezcla que simula este aceite esencial a partir de los estándares comerciales de los compuestos de (±)-linalol, geraniol y 1,8-cineol. Se detectaron CMI y CMB significativamente más altos en la simulación en comparación con el AE respectivo, lo que sugiere un efecto sinérgico entre los compuestos.

Re-evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation of two closely related families (Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) using two DNA barcode markers

The families Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae comprise several closely related species that possess high morphological synapomorphic traits. Hence, there is a tendency of species misidentification using only the morphological characters. Herein, we evaluated the discriminatory power of the universal DNA barcodes (matKand rbcL) for 53 species spanning the two families. Using these markers, we inferred phylogenetic relationships and conducted species delimitation analysis using four delimitation methods: Automated Barcode GapDiscovery (ABGD), TaxonDNA, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and General Mixed Yule Coalescent(GMYC). The phylogenetic reconstruction based on the matK gene resolved the relationships between thefamilies and further suggested the expansion of the Lamiaceae to include some core Verbanaceae genus, e.g.,Gmelina. The rbcL marker using the TaxonDNA method displayed high species delimitation resolutions, whilethe ABGD, GMYC, and bPTP generated different number of Operational Taxonomic Units/genetic clusters.Our results underscored the efficiency of the matK and rbcL genes as reliable markers for resolving phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation of both families, respectively. The current study provides insightsinto the DNA barcode applications in these families, at the same time contributing to the current understandingof genetic divergence patterns in angiosperms.

Toxicity of the essential oil of basil cultivars and hybrids and its repellent effect on stored grain pests / Toxicidade do óleo essencial de cultivares e híbridos de manjericão e seu efeito repelente sobre pragas de grãos armazenados

Essential oils have emerged as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in the control of stored grain pests. The toxicity and repellency of the essential oils of four basil cultivars and three basil hybrids and the monoterpenes linalool, citral, and (E)-methyl cinnamate were evaluated in the stored grain pests Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophillus zeamais. The essential oils of the cultivar Genovese and the hybrid 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to C. maculatus. Conversely, the essential oils of the cultivar Sweet Dani and the hybrid 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to S. zeamais. Among the monoterpenes, (E)-methyl cinnamate was the most toxic to both pests, taking 0.14 and 0.34 µ L.mL-1 to kill 50% of the C. maculatus and S. zeamais populations, respectively. All essential oils from cultivars, hybrids, and monoterpenes were repellent to S. zeamais, except for (E)-methyl cinnamate. For C. maculatus, this effect was lower, being citral the most repellent compound. Results demonstrate the insecticidal potential of the essential oil of O. basilicum and its monoterpenes in the control of stored grain pests.

Os óleos essenciais surgem como alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos no controle das pragas de grãos armazenados. A toxicidade e a repelência dos óleos essenciais de quatro cultivares e três híbridos de manjericão e dos monoterpenos linalol, citral e (E)-cinamato de metila foram avaliadas nas pragas de grãos armazenados Callosobruchus maculatus e Sitophillus zeamais. Os óleos essenciais da cultivar Genovese e do híbrido 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' foram mais tóxicos para C. maculatus. Já para S. zeamais, os óleos essenciais das cultivar Sweet Dani e do híbrido 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentaram maior toxicidade. Dentre os monoterpenos, o (E)-cinamato de metila foi o mais tóxico para ambas as pragas. Foram necessários 0,14 e 0,34 µ L.mL-1 para matar 50% da população de C. maculatus e S. zeamais. Todos os óleos essenciais das cultivares, dos híbridos e dos monoterpenos foram repelentes a S. zeamais, com exceção do (E)-cinamato de metila. Já para C. maculatus, este efeito foi reduzido, sendo o citral o composto mais repelente. Nos resultados demonstram o potencial inseticida dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e seus monoterpenos para o controle de pragas de grãos armazenados.

Selective BuChE inhibitory activity, chemical composition, and enantiomer content of the volatile oil from the Ecuadorian plant Clinopodium brownei

ABSTRACT This paper describes the chemical composition and the enantiomer content of the volatile oil hydrodistilled from Clinopodium brownei (Sw.) Kuntze, Lamiaceae. The plant was collected in the South of Ecuador. Thirty one components were identified by GC-MS, which accounted for the 96.15% of the volatile oil. The major components were pulegone (48.44%), menthone (34.55%) and β-acorenol (3.41%). Oxygenated monoterpenes (86.06%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (5.36%) constituted the most abundant fractions. The enantiomeric compositions of β-pinene, sabinene, 3-octanol, menthone, pulegone and menthyl acetate were determined by enantioselective GC-MS. (-)-Menthone showed the highest enantiomeric excess (ee = 83.4%). In in vitro tests, the volatile oil showed high selective inhibitory activity for butyrylcholinesterase with an IC50, 13.4 ± 1.8 µg/ml. In contrast, it was weakly active against acetylcholinesterase with an IC50 >250 µg/ml.

Nutritional, Spectral and Thermal Characteristic of Lamiaceae Seeds

Aims: Species of the family Lamiaceae possess a rich tradition of use for flavoring and medicinal purposes. This paper focusses on the nutritional and thermal characteristics of the seeds from eight species belonging to this family: Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br., Ocimum americanum L., Ocimum sanctum L. (Rama Tulsi), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi), Origanum vulgare L. and Tectona grandis L.f. Methodology: The oil, starch, total polyphenol, flavonoid and mineral contents for aforementioned seeds were determined. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the phytoconstituents. Thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analyses (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed to analyze the decomposition patterns. Results: The concentrations of oil, starch, total polyphenol, flavonoids and minerals for the seeds from the eight plants under study ranged from 11.8 to 50.4%, from 0.22 to 1.84%, from 295 to 5842 mg/kg, from 1660 to 12680 mg/kg and from 11756 to 33927 mg/kg, respectively. Unsaturated oils, polyphenols and lignin were recognized by vibrational spectroscopy. The sequence of thermal effects in the seed pyrolysis process above 100°C have been put in relation to seed protein crystallization (endotherm at 200°C), oxidation reactions and degradation of hemicellulose and other fiber components (at around 300°C), and decomposition of polyunsaturated (at 357°C) and mono-unsaturated (at 391°C) triglycerides. Conclusion: Lamiaceae seeds are potential food alternatives to cereals.

Atividade in vitro do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare L. em isolados clínicos de Aspergillus spp / In vitro activity of essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. in clinical isolates from Aspergillus spp

Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus e A. niger são os mais importantes agentes etiológicos da aspergilose, relevante micose aviária, com tratamento ineficaz e altas taxas de mortalidade. Em vista da importância da aspergilose, da necessidade de prospectar novos fármacos e do potencial terapêutico do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare L. (OEO), o orégano, objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade in vitro de isolados clínicos de Aspergillus spp. em relação ao OEO. O óleo foi obtido por hidrodestilação em Clevenger, e a análise química realizada por cromatografia de massa (GC/MS). Observaram-se 15 diferentes compostos ativos, sendo 4-terpineol, hidrato de sabinene e timol os majoritários. Nos testes de microdiluição em caldo (Reference..., 2008), todos os isolados (n= 23) foram sensíveis ao OEO: A. fumigatus teve CIM entre 28,125mg/mL (0,1875%) e 450mg/mL (3,0%), A. flavus entre 112,5mg/mL (0,75%) e 450mg/mL, e A. niger 112,5mg/mL. CFM variou de 112,5mg/mL a 450mg/mL nos isolados de A. fumigatus, de 225mg/mL (1,5%) a 450mg/mL em A. flavus, e foi de 450mg/mL em A. niger. CIM e CFM foram idênticos em 6/14 isolados, o que demonstra que o óleo com a mesma concentração pode ter capacidade fungistática e fungicida. CIM 90 correspondeu à CIM máxima. Os resultados demonstram a atividade anti-Aspergillus do OEO, com CIM 90 de 450mg/mL (3%).(AU)

Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus and A. niger are the most important etiological agents of aspergillosis, a relevant avian mycosis, with innefective treatment and high mortality rates. Due the importance of aspergillosis, the necessity of prospection of new drugs and the therapeutic potential of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. (OEO), popularly known as oregano, aims to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of Aspergillus spp. opposing to OEO. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in Clevenger, and the chemical analysis performed by mass chromatography (GC/MS). 15 different active compounds were observed, being 4-terpineol (18.4%), sabinene hydrate (15.6%) and thymol (13.6%), the majority components. In the in vitro susceptibility test, all strains showed sensitivity to OEO, MIC of Aspergillus fumigatus ranged from 28,125mg/mL (0,1875%) to 450mg/mL (3,0%), A. flavus 112,5mg/mL (0,75%) to 450mg/mL, and A. niger 112,5mg/mL. MFC ranged from 112,5mg/mL to 450mg/mL in the A. fumigatus isolates, 225mg/mL (1,5%) to 450mg/mL in A. flavus, and 450mg/mL for A. niger. The MIC and FMC values were identical in 6/14 of the isolated subjects, demonstrating that the oil with the same concentration can have fungistatic and fungicidal capacity. The results demonstrates anti-Aspergillus activities of OEO with CIM90 de 450mg/mL (3%).(AU)

A new tricyclic abietane diterpenoid from Salvia chloroleuca and evaluation of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities

Abstract In this study, sahandone (1) and a new diterpenoid named sahandol II (2) were isolated from the roots of Salvia chloroleuca Rech. f. & Aellen, Lamiaceae. The absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were assigned by comparison of experimental electronic circular dichroism spectra and comparing with published data. Cytotoxic and apoptotic evaluation of the isolated compounds and the methanol crude extract and its subfractions including petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fraction on two human prostate cancer cell lines and a breast cancer cell lines, showed that non-polar and semi-polar subfractions had the potent cytotoxic effect on PC3 cells with the IC50 values of 24.19, 33.59, and 47.15 µg/ml, respectively. Sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of cells treated with petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate subfractions showed the induction of apoptosis. Change in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase were observed.